BREZZA : - MARUTI SUZUKI :- CAR OF THE YEAR 2017 : Successful SUV from MARUTI

BREZZA :- MARUTI SUZUKI :- CAR OF THE YEAR 2017 ******************************************************************************** FOUR WHEELER INDUSTRY IN INDIA:- ******************************************************************************** The Indian Four-Wheeler Industry is one of the largest in the world. Within the industry, the overall Passenger Vehicle (PV) segment accounts to a mere 14% market share. The two-wheeler s segment, with 80% market share If we consider Motor vehicles per 1,000 people for some of the developed countries then India automobile companies have huge scope for growth. United States has 797 , Italy has 679, Canada has 662, Japan has 591, France has 578, Germany has 572 four wheelers per 1000 people while India has only 40 cars per 1000 people. As india’s economy will grow the demand for the Cars will also grow. ******************************************************************************** MARUTI SUZUKI:- ******************************************************************************** Maruti Suzuki, the biggest car manufacturer in the country sells more than 50% cars of the total sales in India. ******************************************************************************** BREEZA:- ******************************************************************************** The Maruti Suzuki Vitara Brezza is a compact SUV unveiled in 2016 at the 13th Auto Expo 2016. Vitara Brezza, the compact SUV from Suzuki not only is the leader in its own segment, but also competes with itself for the month-on-month sales. Vitara Brezza, the most sold compact SUV/SUV in the country today ******************************************************************************** SALES UNIT:- ******************************************************************************** May 2017 - Sells 12,375 Units .... April 2017 - 10,653 units .... March 2017 - 10,057 units .... Taking the cumulative sales of 2017, Maruti has managed to sell close to 50000 units in just 5 months, averaging 10000 units/month. ******************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************** COMPITITION: ******************************************************************************** Ford Ecosport, TATA Nexon, Mahindra (TUV300) Hyundai Creta, Renault Duster's ******************************************************************************** WAITING PERIOD:- 2-3 Months ******************************************************************************** MANUFACTURING: Manesar Plant, India. ******************************************************************************** SPECIFICATION:- ******************************************************************************** It is available only in one engine version – the 1.3-litre DDiS 200 unit that has a mileage of 24.3 kmpl, the best in the segment. Driver-side airbag SmartPlay infotainment system, flip-fold rear seat, steering mounted controls, etc. ******************************************************************************** PRICE:- 7.26 Lakhs (ex-showroom Delhi) ******************************************************************************** ASSEMBLY:- Manesar Plant, India. ******************************************************************************** AWARDS: ******************************************************************************** A consortium of 15 auto journalists declared Vitara Brezza the "Indian Car of the Year (ICOTY) 2017" among all the cars launched in 2016. ******************************************************************************** FUTURE PLAN:- Increase the demand of the Brezza by introducing automated manual transmission and petrol engine option. ******************************************************************************** FEATURES: ******************************************************************************** It was the company's first attempt in sub-compact SUV space and fourth attempt in the SUV market after Gypsy, Grand Vitara and S-Cross. The Brezza is the first car which was conceptualized and designed in India by Maruti Suzuki. The Brezza was designed by C.V Raman, Maruti's head of design and all parts of its production were developed in India. Brezza sells through the regular dealerships. Brezza is largely catering to India or similar markets in the world. Country’s highest selling SUVs. has now become one of the top selling cars in the Maruti Suzuki portfolio. Looks: The car has a bold and masculine facia Brezza will deliver a better mileage of 24.3 because it is lighter Space:- As the manufacturers say – is good enough for a six-foot Sikh wearing a turban to have adequate head clearance. In nine colour options MSI has offered features such as cruise control, auto headlamps and auto wipers in the top variant. ******************************************************************************** SAFETY FEATURES:- ******************************************************************************** The all new Vitara Brezza is loaded with safety features like Suzuki's all new TECT (Total Effective Control Technology) body structure and Suzuki's C platform chassis which is also used in Maruti Suzuki S-Cross. The car also has reverse parking assist with camera, Dual front airbags for the safety of driver and co-driver, Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) with Electronic Brake-Force Distribution (EBD) and front seat belt pretensioners which ensure the safety of all its occupants . Maruti Suzuki has specified that the Vitara Brezza has been tested to meet frontal offset and side impact collision tests, something that the ARAI (Automotive Research Association of India) will make mandatory by 2017.

The Indian Car of the Year (2006-2017)

The Indian Car of the Year Award (ICOTY) is presented annually to the best new car launched in India, and is based on similar other awards such as European Car of the Year. The award was established in 2006, with the Maruti Suzuki Swift winning the first award. ******************************************************************************** 2017 - Maruti Suzuki Vitara Brezza ******************************************************************************** 2016 - Hyundai Creta ******************************************************************************** 2015 - Hyundai Elite i20 ******************************************************************************** 2014 - Hyundai i10 Grand ******************************************************************************** 2013 - Renault Duster ******************************************************************************** 2012 - Maruti Suzuki Swift ******************************************************************************** 2011 - Ford Figo ******************************************************************************** 2010 - Tata Nano ******************************************************************************** 2009 - Honda City ******************************************************************************** 2008 - Hyundai i10 ******************************************************************************** 2007 - Honda Civic ******************************************************************************** 2006 - Maruti Suzuki Swift ********************************************************************************

Top 10 advertising companies in India

Top 10 advertising companies in India ******************************************************************************** 1. DDB Mudra ******************************************************************************** 2. Dentsu Communications Pvt Ltd ******************************************************************************** 3. FCB Advertising Agency ******************************************************************************** 4.GroupM ******************************************************************************** 5. Havas Worldwide ******************************************************************************** 6.JWT ******************************************************************************** 7.Madison Communications ******************************************************************************** 8.McCann Erickson India Pvt Ltd ******************************************************************************** 9.Ogilvy & Mather Pvt Ltd ******************************************************************************** 10.Rediffusion – Y&R Pvt Ltd ********************************************************************************

JAN-DHAN-YOJANA AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION

A study of Pradhanmantri JAN-DHAN-YOJANA with respect to current situation of financial inclusion in India. ******************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************** Objectives:- ******************************************************************************** 1) To Study present scenario of the financial inclusion in India ******************************************************************************** 2) To study the problems and challenges faced during providing financial services. ******************************************************************************** 3) To analyze the measures taken by the government and banks for financial inclusion. ******************************************************************************** 4) To Analyze the Jan Dhan Yojana initiated by the government. ******************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************** RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:- ******************************************************************************** Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve the problems. It may be understood to study how research is done scientifically. In this, we study various steps that are generally adopted by the researcher in studying research problems along with the logic behind them, to understand why we are using particular method of technique so that the research results are capable of being evaluated.I have used a lot of data to understand the concept of financial inclusion and to study different type of financial inclusion . The data collected was interpreted and then used as information in project. During my project, I collected data through various sources primary & secondary. ******************************************************************************** Primary source includes :-. ******************************************************************************** 1) Discussion with branch managers of various Banks 2 )Discussion with experts 3) Discussion with people and customers of bank . Secondary source includes :- 1) Various books related to financial inclusion. 2) Getting information from web sides of various Banks. 3) Web sites were used as the vital information source ex. RBI bank. ******************************************************************************** Meaning of term financial inclusion(FI) ******************************************************************************** The recent developments in banking technology have transformed banking from the tradition brick-and-mortar infrastructure like staffed branches to a system supplemented by other channels like automated teller machines (ATM), credit/debit cards, internet banking, online money transfers, etc. The moot point, however, is that access to such technology is restricted only to certain segments of the society. Indeed, some trends, such as increasingly sophisticated customer segmentation technology – allowing, for example, more accurate targeting of sections of the market – have led to restricted access to financial services for some groups. There is a growing divide, with an increased range of personal finance options for a segment of high and upper middle income population and a significantly large section of the population who lack access to even the most basic banking services. This is termed “financial exclusion”. These people, particularly, those living on low incomes, cannot access mainstream financial products such as bank accounts, credit, remittances and payment services, financial advisory services, insurance facilities, etc. Causes of financial exclusion . •Terms & condition. Different types of terms &conditions imposed by the banks often deter people with low income &rural areas from opening bank account, in Canada , USA , France & India strict regulation is imposed on opening balance and minimum balance required for opening an account. This often goes beyond the budget of the low income people . Another area of obstacle is the conditions relating to the use of accounts. In Belgium for instance , accounts have been closed beyond the budget of the low income people. •Identity requirements. •Physical requirements. •Bankers approach . ******************************************************************************** Effects of financial exclusion : ******************************************************************************** Living without financial services and products is the disadvantageous when the contemporary world is moving on cashless system depending on credit cards , debit cards, ATMs & core banking solution (CBSs) . exclusion is much greater when the excluded lot. The implication of the financial exclusion is much greater when the exclusion mass is entrapped in the hydra headed cycles of poverty. This causes further social exclusion which is very much detrimental for the equitable growth of the world community . ******************************************************************************** The following points describe disadvantages to the financially excluded mass: ******************************************************************************** 1. They pay higher charges in the absence of financial transaction like money transfer & cheque cashing etc. 2. They take credit from non-institutional creditors at exorbitantly higher rate which exacerbate the harm already cause due to poverty . 3. Lack of security in holding & storing money. 4. The small business may suffer due to loss of access to middle class and higher-income consumers, higher cash handling costs and delays in remittances of money. 5. General decline in investments. 6. Increase in unemployment . Who are the excluded :-The financially excluded sections largely comprise of a. Marginal farmers b. Landless laborers c. Self employed and unorganized sector enterprises d. Urban slum dwellers ******************************************************************************** Benefits of financial inclusion ******************************************************************************** • Growth with equity : In the path of super power we the Indians will need to achieve the growth of our country with equality . It is provided by inclusive finance. • Get rid of poverty : To remove poverty from the Indian context all everybody will be given access to formal financial services . Because if they borrow loans for business or education or any other purpose they get the loan will pave way for their development . • Financial Transactions Made Easy : Inclusive finance will provide banking related financial transactions in an easy and speedy way . • Safe savings along with financial services : People will have safe savings along with other allied services like insurance cover , entrepreneurial loans , payment and settlement facility etc, Tools of financial inclusion and the methods to achieve them ******************************************************************************** Financial Inclusion Includes Accessing Of Financial Products and Services Like, ******************************************************************************** • Savings facility • Credit and debit cards access • Electronic fund transfer • All kinds of commercial loans • Overdraft facility • Cheque facility • Payment and remittance services • Low cost financial services • Insurance (Medical insurance) Recent data shows that countries with large proportion of population excluded from the formal financial system also show higher poverty ratios and high inequality. ******************************************************************************** Indian scenario:- ******************************************************************************** • Indian banking system has exhibited tremendous growth in extending its reach , coverage and delivery of financial products to the mass ever since 1881. The all Indian rural servy committee in 1954 recommended the creation of a state sponsored bank to promote rural penetration . accordingly, SBI was established in 1955 . another step in this direction was taken in 1969 when 14 major commercial banks were nationalized followed by six more in 1980 . This strengthened the concept of socialistic and welfare state stature of the country . lead bank scheme was lauched in 1070 to increase banking the skills of commercial banks with the emeregence of RRBs in 1976 the skills of commercial banks with the grass root presence of the co-operative banks helped the mass to access to nsititutional credit .NABARD established in 1982 regulated institutional credit for agriculture and rural development , talwar committee and goiporia committee in the early eighties have made many recommendations to improve the customer services in India . following are of some of the step undertaken by RBI: • The RRBs have been advised to allow limited overdraft facilities in no-frill accounts without any collateral. The idea was that provision of such overdraft facilities provides a ready source of funding to the account holders who are thereby inducted to open such accounts. • Banks also have been advised to provide a general purpose credit card(GCC) at their rural and semi urban branches . from this revolving card system the customer can withdraw money to a limited amount from this concerned branch. • Bhumiheen credit card facility has been arranged apart from kisan credit cards for the rural and semi urban frmers , landless laborers’ whereby they can be allowed hassle free credit limit up to 0.25 lac per person . • Special agricultural branches have been opened by the PSBs to meet the financial needs fore agricultural & allied activities . ******************************************************************************** 'Pradhanmantri Jan-Dhan Yojana:- ******************************************************************************** The JAN-DHAN-YOJANA- programme is Prime Minister's first blockbuster social upliftment scheme. Today only 58.7 per cent of the households in the country have access to banking services. Prime Ministerdeclared that a bank account for each household was a "national priority" The Prime Minister said people in the country have mobile phones but do not have bank accounts, and this scenario needs to be changed."It's an innovative and much-needed step in the right direction that will address the biggest national challenge — eradication of poverty — through ******************************************************************************** financial inclusion:- ******************************************************************************** This scheme will help to integrate the poorest of the poor with bank accounts with 'Pradhanmantri Jan-Dhan Yojana. Objective of the scheme is covering all households in the country with banking facilities, and having a bank account for each household. The propensity to spend cash that is in hand is much higher compared with money in a bank account The scheme is expected to boost insurance penetration in India.There is an urgency to this exercise as all other development activities are hindered by this single disability. This is an important step towards converting Indian economy into a cashless and digital economy. This scheme is aimed at improving the lives of millions of India's poor by bringing them into the financial mainstream and freeing them from the clutches of usurious moneylenders, while giving them a modicum of insurance cover. Accounts are going to be active by adequate float funds in that - in the sense that the accounts are going to be having credits.Under the programme, people will be able to open zero-balance accounts with any bank, either public or private. An Aadhaar card is proof enough to open your Jan Dhan account on the spot. The government would eventually want to provide direct benefits transfer through these accounts, a measure it feels can help curb corruption by plugging leakages. By paying benefits directly into bank accounts, the scheme could cut waste and corruption that inflate India's $43 billion subsidy bill, equivalent to more than 2 percent of its GDP, for handouts of grain, fuel and fertiliser. On the inauguration day, 1.5 Crore (15 million) bank accounts were opened under this scheme. With the rapid financial inclusion, the usage of cash would decline in the country in line with the developed countries. In the next phase of this Scheme micro insurance & pension etc. will also be added ******************************************************************************** Five important features of the PM Jan Dhan Yojna ******************************************************************************** 1. Under the scheme, account holders will be provided zero-balance bank account with RuPay debit card, in addition to accidental insurance cover of Rs 1 lakh. 2. Those who open accounts by January 26, 2015 over and above the Rs1 lakh accident, they will be given life insurance cover of Rs 30,000. 3. Six months of opening of the bank account, holders can avail Rs 5,000 loan from the bank. 4. With the introduction of new technology introduced by National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), a person can transfer funds, check balance through a normal phone which was earlier limited only to smart phones so far. 5. Mobile banking for the poor would be available through National Unified USSD Platform (NUUP) for which all banks and mobile companies have come together. ******************************************************************************** Findings:- ******************************************************************************** 1. In Rural areas 45% of the household are not using the financial services to that of 32% in Urban areas. 2. Total 1,02,343 Bank branches are functioning in the country can be used for financial inclusion. 3. Average population per bank branch is 12,100 which has to be reduced by adding more branches. 4. The MFIs (Micro Financial Institutions) need to function under and be held answerable to clear RBI regulations 5. There is need to have financial inclusion regulation in our country. 6. Financial inclusion should be taken as a business prospect rather than compulsion ******************************************************************************** Conclusion:- ******************************************************************************** 1. A substantial part 35-40% of the rural populations does not have bank accounts so benefits and government schemes are not reaching them so opening bank account should be top priority. 2. Effective implementation of JAN-DHAN-YOJANA will drastically reduce the poverty, solving most of the financial problems of people. 3. Benefits of financial inclusion schemes should be properly communicated to all rural areas of the country. 4. Government should first define the financial inclusion regulations/acts for the country. 5. All the Financial institutions should make participate and include for effective implementation of financial inclusion. ******************************************************************************** References: ******************************************************************************** 1. Dr. Christabell. P. J. 2Vimal Raj. A (Sep-Oct. 2012). Financial Inclusion in Rural India: The role of Microfinance as a Tool. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (JHSS) , 21-25. 2. Commemorative Lecture by Shri V.Leeladhar, Dy.Governor, Reserve Bank of India on 'Financial Inclusion' at the Fedbank Hormis Memorial Foundation at Ernakulam on December 2, 2005. 3. http://www.allbankingsolutions.com/Articles/Articles-AB-Financial-Inclusion.htm 4. http://www.rbi.org.in/home.aspx 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_inclusion 6. Financial Inclusion Taskforce : Report on progress towards the shared goal. 7. http://financialservices.gov.in/banking/financialinclusion.asp --

PM Narendra Modi : Selfmade Complete MAN:- People's Prime Minister: Pradhan-Sevak: Extra-Ordinary PM.

INTRODUCTION:- ******************************************************************************** Narendra Damodardas Modi ( born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician who is the 14th and current Prime Minister of India, in office since May 2014. Narendra Modi is known for his Patriotic Decisions. He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 ******************************************************************************** CHILDHOOD:- ******************************************************************************** Modi helped his father sell tea as a child, and later ran his own stall. Modi had an early gift for rhetoric in debates ******************************************************************************** INSPIRATION:- ******************************************************************************** Vivekananda has been described as a large influence in Modi's life. ******************************************************************************** BOOKS WRITTEN:- ******************************************************************************** book in Gujarati, Sangharsh Ma Gujarat (In The Struggles of Gujarat) In 2007 Modi authored Karmayog He had published a Gujarati book titled Jyotipunj in 2008 Modi authored eight other books, mostly containing short stories for children. ******************************************************************************** GUJARAT DEVELOPMENT:- ******************************************************************************** Under Modi, Gujarat topped the World Bank's "ease of doing business" rankings among Indian states for two consecutive years. In 2013, Gujarat was ranked first among Indian states for "economic freedom" by a report measuring governance, growth, citizens' rights and labour and business regulation among the country's 20 largest states. Tax breaks for businesses were easier to obtain in Gujarat than in other states, as was land. Modi's policies to make Gujarat attractive for investment included the creation of Special Economic Zones He was introduced to the RSS at the age of eight, beginning a long association with the organisation. ******************************************************************************** CAREER :- ******************************************************************************** Modi was appointed Chief Minister of Gujarat in 2001, due to Keshubhai Patel's failing health and poor public image following the earthquake in Bhuj. His policies as chief minister, credited with encouraging economic growth, have received praise. Modi led the BJP in the 2014 general election, which gave the party a majority in the Lok Sabha, the first time a single party had achieved this since 1984. Modi's administration has tried to raise foreign direct investment in the Indian economy, increased spending on infrastructure, and reduced spending on healthcare and social welfare programmes. Modi has attempted to improve efficiency in the bureaucracy, and centralised power through the abolition of the planning commission. He has begun a high-profile sanitation campaign, and weakened or abolished environmental and labour /laws. Credited with engineering a political realignment towards right-wing politics, His policies during his second term have been credited with reducing corruption in the state. He established financial and technology parks in Gujarat and during the 2007 Vibrant Gujarat summit, real-estate investment deals worth ₹6.6 trillion were signed. from 2001 to 2010 Gujarat recorded an agricultural growth rate of 10.97 percent – the highest of any state. ******************************************************************************** FEATURES:- ******************************************************************************** He became the first Prime Minister born after India's independence from the British Empire. On 3 October 2001 he replaced Patel as Chief Minister of Gujarat In September 2013 Modi was named the BJP's candidate for prime minister in the 2014 Lok Sabha election. Modi projected himself as a person who could bring about "development," without focus on any specific policies. Modi was sworn in as the Prime Minister of India on 26 May 2014 at the Rashtrapati Bhavan. Over Modi's first year in office, the Indian GDP grew at a rate of 7.5 percent, making it the world's fastest-growing large economy. In September 2014, Modi introduced the Make in India initiative to encourage foreign companies to manufacture products in India, with the goal of turning the country into a global manufacturing hub. Modi wrote a forward to a textbook by Dinanath Batra released in 2014, which stated that ancient India possessed technologies including test-tube babies. On 25 June 2015, Modi launched a programme intended to develop 100 smart cities. The "Smart Cities" programme is expected to bring Information Technology companies an extra benefit of ₹20 billion (US$310 million). In June 2015, Modi launched the "Housing for All By 2022" project, which intends to eliminate slums in India by building about 20 million affordable homes for India's urban poor. In his first cabinet decision, Modi set up a team to investigate black money. On 9 November 2016, the government demonetised ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes, with the stated intention of curbing corruption, black money, the use of counterfeit currency, and terrorism. Modi repealed 1,200 obsolete laws in first three years as prime minister, against a total of 1,301 such laws repealed by previous governments over a span of 64 years. He started a monthly radio programme titled "Mann Ki Baat" on 3 October 2014. Modi also launched the Digital India programme, which has the goal of ensuring that government services are available electronically, building infrastructure to provide high-speed Internet access to rural areas, boosting manufacturing of electronic goods in the country, and promoting digital literacy. In December 2015, Modi's government signed an agreement with Japan to jointly build a bullet train system linking Mumbai and Ahmedabad. The Indian government put forward a plan on converting 101 rivers into national waterways for the transport He also launched a "smart villages" initiative, under which villages would be given Internet access, clean water, sanitation, and low-carbon energy Give up LPG subsidy is a campaign launched in March 2015 by the Indian government led by Narendra Modi. 400 railway Stations across the country are being equipped with Wi-Fi technology. The internet penetration in India rose from 20 percent in 2014 to 28.7 percent in 2016. Modi launched Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana in August 2014. The initiative aimed to create bank accounts and debit cards for 150 million families, and to allow them an overdraft of ₹5,000 (US$78). He launched Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) on 1 May 2016 to distribute LPG connections to women of BPL families. 125.4 million accounts had been opened by January 2015. Modi government put in place the Goods and Services Tax, the biggest tax reform in the country since independence. Swachh Bharat Mission has been started to see that health and hygiene issues of the poor do not affect the working capacity and output of the poor and labourers

Rosneft Acquires Essar Oil: Largest FDI investment in India

Rosneft Acquires Essar Oil: Largest FDI investment in India : Indian Growth story ********************************************************************************** India is the world’s third-largest oil consumer, behind China and the US. India currently is the best place to invest in the world right now foreign companies are finding the Indian growth story attractive considering the slowdown in other parts of the world. some of the Indian companies struggling with debt and loan taken and could not repay it. Indian promoters may have little option but to sell profitable assets to reduce debt ************************************************************************** Rosneft :- ************************************************************************** Rosneft, the world’s largest listed oil producer by output. ************************************************************************** Trafigura:- ************************************************************************** Trafigura to being the world’s second-biggest independent oil trader, handling more than 4 million barrels a day. ************************************************************************** Introduction:- ************************************************************************** India’s oil demand is expected to rise by an average 5.9% through 2020, among the fastest in the world, according to a report last month by Goldman Sachs. To capitalize on India’s economic growth and growing Oil demand, Rosneft and its partners acquire Essar’s oil refinery in Vadinar that can process 400,000 barrels a day of crude. The refinery is located in the western Indian state of Gujarat and the deal includes a port, a power plants and 3,500 fuel stations ************************************************************************** Features:- **************************************************************************  Rosneft and its partners today took over India's second biggest private oil firm Essar Oil in an all-cash deal valued at about USD 13 billion.  Trafigura, which has close ties to Rosneft, was to finance its acquisition by taking loan from Russia’s VTB Capital, part of state-controlled bank VTB.  The transaction marks Russia’s largest outbound deal and the biggest foreign acquisition in India.  The deal involves the 20 million tonne per annum refinery in Vadinar, along with 3,500 oil retail outlets across the country, a 1,010 megawatt captive power plant and 58 million tonne port facilities.  The refinery accounts for almost 9% of India’s total oil refining output ************************************************************************** Foreign Investment In India ************************************************************************** Essar has now helped attract more than US$30 billion of foreign investments into India. In 2007, Essar Group, together with Hutchison Whampoa, brought Vodafone into India in a US$11.1 billion transaction. ************************************************************************** Benefit for Rosneft:- ************************************************************************** Snapping up the refinery would get Rosneft a strong foothold in the world’s fastest growing fossil fuel market that is India ************************************************************************** Monetary terms :- ************************************************************************** The deal has an enterprise value of close to $12.9 billion—$10.9 billion for the refinery and for the filling stations and another $2 billion for the Vadinar port. ************************************************************************** FUTURE of Rosneft:- ************************************************************************** He said the company will expand its fuel station fleet to 6,000. Rosneft also plans to double the Vadinar refining capacity and build a petrochemical facilities. **************************************************************************

ESSAR GROUP : Example of Potential of INDIA’S private Sector player

ESSAR GROUP : Example of Potential of INDIA’S private Sector player ************************************************************************************* INDUSTRY INTO:- ************************************************************************************* Products ************************************************************************************* Steel, Oil and Gas, Electricity, Infrastructure, Engineering, Shipping, Information technology, Retail Real estate ************************************************************************************* Revenue:- US$27 billion (2015) ************************************************************************************* Number of employees: - 60,000 (2015) ************************************************************************************* Introduction ************************************************************************************* The Fund is a global investor, controlling a number of world-class assets diversified across the core sectors of Energy, Metals & Mining, Infrastructure (comprising ports and EPC businesses) and Services (primarily comprising shipping and BPO businesses). Essar began as a construction company in 1969 and diversified. ************************************************************************************* Key People: ************************************************************************************* Shashi Ruia – Chairman, Ravi Ruia – Vice Chairman. ************************************************************************************* Essar is derived by combining the first letter of the Chairman's and Vice-Chairman's names – Shashi and Ravi, i.e. S plus R sounds like Essar In 1988, the company made an initial public offer for its shares, It is India's largest exporter of flat steel with 10 million tons per annum (MTPA) of capacity in India and 4 million tons per annum (MTPA) in worldwide facility. On 11 June 2012, Essar Steel India commissioned a 19 MW heat recovery power plant at Hazira. Essar Minerals owns iron ore and coal mines in India, Indonesia, Mozambique, the USA,& Canada. The company has access to over 2.0 billion tonnes of iron ore reserves in India and USA and 450 million tonnes of coal reserves. Retailing (across India): Over 400 steel retail outlets branded Essar Hypermart and Essar Expressmart Steel Processing Facility (across India & UAE): Largest steel processing & distribution facilities in India with an annual capacity of 4 million tonnes located in Pune (Maharashtra), Hazira (Gujarat), Bahadurgarh (National Capital Region), Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Bhuj (Gujarat) and Dubai (UAE)Dudley, West Midlands, UK: 500,000-tonne steel processing centre Indonesia: 200,000 tonnes ************************************************************************************* Telecom Services & Retail ************************************************************************************* “Yu”: A GSM-based mobile services network in Kenya with more than three million subscribers ************************************************************************************* MILESTOES:- ************************************************************************************* In 2016, Essar Steel became the first Indian company to manufacture bullet-proof steel Hazira, Gujarat, India: A 10-million tonne steel plant at Hazira, largest in Western India. The plant is supported by a captive port, power plant, lime plant and oxygen plant. Essar's primary business is in the power and oil sectors. Most of this is handled by Essar Energy, which is approximately 76% owned by Essar Group, is today India's 2nd largest power generation company in the private sector. Its current generation capacity of 1,600 MW is being expanded to 8,070 MW. The refineries are Vadinar in Gujarat India; Stanlow in Cheshire, United Kingdom, and 50% controlling stake in Kenya Petroleum Refineries. The company has about 750,000 bpsd (barrels per stream day) of crude refining capacity across three continents. It is the first private company in India to enter refined products marketing sector. Essar also has a country-wide marketing network of over 1,400 retail outlets in India. It has tie-ups with other oil marketing companies Essar's Raniganj block became India's first CBM asset to cross 1 million scmd production milestone[10] Essar oil has more than 2,200 Essar-branded oil retail outlets in various parts of India, with another 2,500 in various stages of commissioning.[11] Vadinar, Gujarat, India: World-class 20-million tonnes or 405,000 bpsd refinery producing fuels; accounts for 10% of India's refining capacity. Essar Power is one of the lowest cost power producers and has a current generation capacity of 3,910 MW It owns about 500 million tonnes of coal reserves and resources in blocks spread across four continents Essar Power was listed on the London Stock Exchange in 2010. Essar Shipping has presence in sea transportation, logistics and oilfields services. The company currently has a fleet of 26 vessels, with an additional 12 new ships on order. Provides logistics services – from ships to ports, lighterage services to plants, intra-plant logistics and dispatching finished products to the final customer. Manages a fleet of 4,200 trucks for inland transportation of steel and petroleum products Owns a fleet of 14 rigs, which includes 1 semi-submersible rig and 13 onshore rigs Essar has Business Process Outsourcing services, employing over 55,000 people across 13 countries. It also has India's largest Telecom retail network, with over 725 outlets in more than 125 towns and cities. Essar Ports is one of India's largest operator of ports & terminals operating from locations in west and east coast of India. The company is building a cargo handling capacity (dry, bulk and liquid cargo) of over 181 million tonnes. Essar Projects is the second largest engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) company in India. It operates under sectors of steel, oil, gas, power, ports and terminals. It owns over 5,000 nos. construction equipment worth over USD 275 mn. Over 15,000 TPA (Tonnes per annum) of equipment and 40,000 TPA of fabricated structure with waterfront load-out facility for any size of equipment

Top 10 Pharmaceutical Companies in the World 2017

Top 10 Pharmaceutical Companies in the World 2017 are 1st place: Johnson and Johnson 2nd place: Pfizer 3rd place: Roche 4th place: Novartis 5th place: GSK Pharmaceuticals 6th place: Gilead Sciences 7th place: Merck 8th place: Sanofi 9th place: Bayer 10th place: Astrazeneca

Top Banks in the World 2017

Top Banks in the World 2017 are 1st Place : ICBC 2nd Place : China Construction Bank 3rd Place : JP Morgan 4th Place : Agricultural Bank of China 5th Place : Bank of China 6th Place : Wells Fargo 7th Place : Bank of America 8th Place : Citigroup 9th Place : ING Bank 10th Place : HSBC

Top Banks in the World 2017

Top Banks in the World 2017 are 1st Place : ICBC 2nd Place : China Construction Bank 3rd Place : JP Morgan 4th Place : Agricultural Bank of China 5th Place : Bank of China 6th Place : Wells Fargo 7th Place : Bank of America 8th Place : Citigroup 9th Place : ING Bank 10th Place : HSBC

Top IT Companies in World 2017

Top IT Companies in World 2017 are 1st Place : IBM 2nd Place : Microsoft 3rd Place : HP Enterprise 4th Place : Oracle 5th Place : Accenture 6th Place : SAP 7th Place : TCS 8th Place : Cognizant 9th Place : Capgemini 10th Place : Infosys

Top Mobile Phone Brands in World 2017 are

Top Mobile Phone Brands in World 2017 are 1st Place : Samsung 2nd Place : Apple 3rd Place : Huawei 4th Place : Oppo 5th Place : Vivo 6th Place : LG 7th Place : Xiaomi 8th Place : Lenovo 9th Place : ZTE 10th Place : TCL (Alcatel)

List of Top FMCG Companies in India 2016

List of Top FMCG Companies in India 2016 1st ITC 2nd Hindustan Unilever Ltd (HUL) 3rd Britannia 4th Nestle India 5th Dabur 6th Marico 7th Patanjali Ayurved 8th Godrej Consumer 9th GlaxoSmithKline 10th Colgate Palmolive

TOP 10 SELLING CARS IN INDIA

TOP 10 SELLING CARS IN INDIA 1.MARUTI ALTO 2.MARUTI DEZIRE 3.MARUTI SWIFT 4.MARUTI WAGONR 5.HUNDAI GRAND i10 6.HUNDAI ELITE i20 7.MARUTI CELERIO 8.MAHINDRA BOLERO 9.MARUTI OMNI 10.HONDA CITY

Comeback of Scooters : Gearless Scooters Driving the Sales Growth of Two Wheeler Industry.

Comeback of Scooters : Gearless Scooters Driving the Sales Growth of Two Wheeler Industry. ******************************************************************************** Introduction: ******************************************************************************** Earlier, the scooters segment used to be classified as geared and NON-geared scooters. Currently, the share of geared scooters has ceased to exist. The scooters segment can be further divided into ungeared and electric. Gearless Scooters in the market today are lighter and easier to drive compared with the metal-bodied. Now most of them are four-stroke automatic vehicles that are on par with motorcycles when it comes to fuel efficiency, emissions and performance. The main drivers for this growth are (a) growing acceptability of gearless scooters by men, (b) rising urbanization and increasing proportion of working women and (c) new launches. The Gearless scooter is the fastest growing segment within the two-wheeler industry today. The first sign of a revival in scooter sales was observed in 2008, when the segment notched a growth of 10 percent after declining 1.5 percent by 31 March 2006. ******************************************************************************** Unisex Gearless Scooter: - ******************************************************************************** These scooters are targeted towards all. Irrespective of Gender both male and female customers can use these vehicles. 1. World's largest two-wheeler manufacturer Hero MotoCorp, has launched a masculine scooter Maestro. 2. Yamaha Has also Launched Scooter Called "Ray" for Young Men. 3. Almost all companies are focusing and Launching Unisex Scooters. ******************************************************************************** Opinion of Experts:- ******************************************************************************** PS Sunder :- (Head, Marketing, Hero Moto Corp) ******************************************************************************** "Hero Moto corp’s marketing head PS Sunder admitted that the scooter segment has been vibrant."The gearless versions have provided impetus," he said. "There is tremendous scope for an even greater revival, especially given the opportunities provided through changing lifestyles and betterment of the rural infrastructure.""With the right combination of design and performance could register impressive growth rates in future," ******************************************************************************** Abdul Majeed:- ******************************************************************************** Auto practice leader, PricewaterhouseCoopers:- ******************************************************************************** Abdul Majeed, auto practice leader, PricewaterhouseCoopers says Earlier gearless scooter was aimed at females but honda activa changed that perception. With growthing popularity of activa, competitors have been forced to look at this segment more seriously and hence we are seeing many new product launches in this category.. i think gearless scooters gives more comfort while driving in high traffic situations....which is giving boost to sales..situation has changed now.. "More and more youngsters are now buying scooters," says . "The riding comfort, storage space and the safety factor have all contributed to the scooter's popularity." ******************************************************************************** Ajinkya Firodia:- ******************************************************************************** Marketing manager Kinetic Engineering':- ******************************************************************************** According to Kinetic Engineering's general manager (marketing) Ajinkya Firodia, the shift happened once men began accepting automatic scooters. "Around 60 per cent of the scooter users today are men, and that percentage is bound to increase," he says. "With the entry of 150-200cc scooters into India, men will show more interest in scooters." ******************************************************************************** Surendra Singh:- ******************************************************************************** Sales head at G.S. Motors, a TVS dealer ******************************************************************************** Surendra Singh, Sales head at G.S. Motors, a TVS dealer in Ghaziabad. says. "People look for a multipurpose vehicle these days. That can be driven by men and women. We get calls from customers who want to buy a vehicle that can be used by the family (daughter, wife and son)," says ******************************************************************************** Ravi Chopra, ******************************************************************************** CMD, Piaggio Vehicles Pvt Ltd. says:- Ravi Chopra CMD, Piaggio Vehicles Pvt Ltd. says:- '' We expect scooter segment to grow at a compounded annual growth rate of 20 per cent from 2011 to 2016 even as the overall growth of the two wheeler segment is expected to be around 12 per cent,'' says ******************************************************************************** Mr. Partha Sen ******************************************************************************** Head, Sales and Marketing at LML ******************************************************************************** Mr. Partha Sen Chowdhury, head of sales and marketing at LML said, "We are also planning to come up from the 125cc Unisex scooters and 150cc and above lifestyle scooters. ******************************************************************************** Important Happenings In the Scooter Market:- ******************************************************************************** 1. Almost all two-wheeler manufacturers (including Yamaha - yes Yamaha) have launched a Unisex scooter model. 2. Yamaha too displayed three scooters - Mio, Fino and Xeon -that the company sells in Thailand and Indonesia and also showcased Ray - a concept model. 3. Piaggio, the largest manufacturer of two-wheelers in Europe,re-introduced the iconic Vespa brand in the Indian market The 125 cc scooter. 4. World's largest two-wheeler manufacturer Hero MotoCorp, has launched a masculine scooter Maestro. 5. TVS Motors chose to announce development of a new technology that marries the convenience of the scooter and the mileage of a motor bike. Why Scooter:- ******************************************************************************** Sales of Gearless Scooters:- ******************************************************************************** In the April-September period of 2013, while scooter sales grew 16.6% over a year ago, bikes struggled at just 0.9%. And for the first time in over a decade, scooter sales surpassed motorcycles in a month. Honda Activa, which has over 43% share in the scooter segment, sold 142,000 units in September to overtake Hero MotoCorp's Splendor motorcycle as the largest selling two-wheeler in a month. Splendor managed to sell 124,217 units.Scooter sales volumes have increased their contribution to total domestic sales from 14 per cent in 2007-08 to 24 per cent in 2013-14 gearless scooter market is growing at a rapid pace.In 2011, the size of the scooter segment was 2.20 lakh units. For 2013-14 financial year up to the end of November, Hero MotoCorp is set to sell more than 2 lakh Maestros. This is much more than what it sold during the entire previous fiscal year. ******************************************************************************** Analysis of Secondary Data:- ******************************************************************************** Gearless Scooters. ******************************************************************************** The Sales Of gearless Scooters increasing steadily. The Sales number of the Gearless scooter is keeps on increasing every quarter from 3rd Quarter of 2011 to second quarter of 2013-14 Except for one quarter. Monthly Average Sales of Scooters has also increased on each quarter Except for one quarter. So for the last Seven Quarters Volume and monthly average of the scooters has increased. ******************************************************************************** FINDING 1:- ******************************************************************************** Growth percentage of the Scooter is much higher than Motorcycle. Gearless Scooters are driving the sales of the two wheeler industry. ******************************************************************************** FINDING 2:- ******************************************************************************** It can be seen from the above graph Market share of the Gearless Scooters has increased for last many years. It has increased from 18% to 25% since last four years (2010-2013). Now it is about 35% in the year 2017. Experts estimate it will also cross 50% in next few yrs. In the 2010-11 Gearless scooters growth rate was 41.8% and for 2011-12 it was 23.32% It can be seen from the above graph that market share of Gearless Scooter has been increasing continuously since 2006-07 and Market share. Percentage of volume growth is higher in Gearless Scooters Segment than in Motorcycle and moped Segment. It can be seen from the above graph Sales Volume of the Gearless scooters has increased continuously for 5 years from 2007-2008. For the year 2011-12 2.6 million units of the Gearless Scooters were sold. Honda is market leader in gearless scooters retaining market leader position with flagship brand Activa. Hero has overtaken second position from TVS. TVS is on third position followed by Suzuki and Mahindra. Most of the Gearless scooters companies targeting 100 cc and above segment and acquiring the Market share of Motorcycles. Honda Is a Market leader with 50.8% Market share with their gearless Scooters Activa, Dio and Aviator. Hero moto corp has 17% market share with Brands like Pleasure and Maestro. Suzuki With brands like Accesss and Swish targeting 125 cc category and has 12.3% market share. ******************************************************************************** Conclusion:- ******************************************************************************** Gearless Scooter segment in Two Wheeler industry is increasing and It would Remain So due to the Utility of the vehicle fashion trend, Safety factors, Value for money, increasing Urbanization and Increasing participation of Women in jobs and Economy of India. ******************************************************************************** Limitation and Scope: ******************************************************************************** There is Scope For identifying factors Customers take into consideration while Differentiating two brands of Gearless Scooters and to identify the segment within the Gearless Scooters market.

PATANJALI:- AMAZING GROWTH STORY OF A BABA

PATANJALI:- AMAZING GROWTH STORY OF A BABA : AN EYE OPENER FOR FARMERS ********************************************************************************* Patanjali Indian FMCG company founded in 2006 is a private organization and is into Consumer goods, It was founded by Acharya Balkrishna and Baba Ramdev has its Headquarter in Haridwar. In 2016-17 its revenue was 10,561 crore. More than two lacs employee are directly or indirectly working with Patanjali. CATEGORY:- Major categories are mineral and herbal products. Ayurvedic products, Foods, beverages, personal care, cleaning agents. ********************************************************************************* Objective:- To establish science of Ayurveda in accordance and coordination with the latest technology and ancient wisdom. ********************************************************************************* Manufacturing Units:- ********************************************************************************* Haridwar, Nepal – (Trademark name:- Nepal Gramudhyog), NOIDA, NAGPUR, INDORE Business expanded to Nepal and CANADA too. ********************************************************************************* FEATURES: ********************************************************************************* More than 5 crore customers buying Patanajali products. 47000 Plus Stores across INDIA 1000 plus products 1500 farmers are associated with Patanjali Company. Patanjali is the fastest growing FMCG company in India. Patanjali declared its annual turnover of the year 2016-17 to be estimated ₹10,216 crore (US$1.6 billion). Most of the profit from Patanjali Products goes to charity. The park will be the eighth private institute in India to be guarded by CISF paramilitary forces. Baba Ramdev is himself a "Z" category protectee of central paramilitary forces 95 per cent Patanjali products are manufactured in-house ********************************************************************************* REVENUE: ********************************************************************************* Patanjali is looking at a two-fold jump in sales at over Rs 20,000 crore this fiscal as it plans to double its distribution network to 12,000 across the country. Year Revenues (In Rs Crore): - 2009-10 (163 Crore), 2010-11(317), 2011-12 (446 Cr), 2012-13 (850 cr) 2013-14 (1200 cr) 2014-15 (2006 Cr) 2015-16 (5000 Cr) 2016- 17 (10561 Cr) The Ayurved division registered Rs 9,346 crore in business for the financial year 2016-17 Divya Pharmacy division (which comprises medicines, oils, digestive churan etc.) which accounted for Rs 870 crore worth of sales. Patanjali Gramodyog (the cereal and health drinks division) clocked Rs 345 crore in sales in 2016-17. PATANJALI Ghee:- clocking Rs 1,467 crore in sales Patanjali's oral brand Danta Kanti has recorded annual sales figures of Rs 940 crore. (Kesh Kanti brand): - 15 per cent market share in shampoo, face wash 14 per cent in and 50 per cent market share in honey (Patanjali Honey). "Honey (sales) is around Rs 350 crore and would grow to Rs 500-Rs 600 crore this year. Kacchi ghani mustard oil (sales) is around Rs 522 crore and would grow to Rs 1,000 crore. Herbal soap Rs 574 crore. ********************************************************************************* PRODUCTION APACITY:- ********************************************************************************* Noida facility would have a production capacity of Rs 20,000 crore, Nagpur 15,000 crore to Rs 20,000 crore and Indore Rs 5,000 crore Patanjali already has around 50 manufacturing units across India. The company has a production capacity of ₹350 billion (US$5.5 billion) and is in the process of expanding to a capacity of ₹600 billion (US$9.4 billion) through its new production units at several places, including Noida, Nagpur, and Indore. New manufacturing plant Patanjali Herbal and Mega Food Park in Balipara, Assam by investing ₹1,200 crore with the manufacturing capacity of 1,000,000 tonnes of goods per year. The new plant will be the largest facility of Patanjali in India and will be operational by March 2017. ********************************************************************************* PRODUCT LINE: ********************************************************************************* Patanjali ghee is the largest selling product of the company, clocking Rs 1,467 crore in sales. The company manufactures more than 900 products includes 45 types of cosmetic products and 30 types of food products. All the products manufactured by Patanjali are made from Ayurveda and natural components Patanjali has also launched beauty and baby products. Patanjali Ayurvedic manufacturing division has over 300 medicines for treating a range of ailments and body conditions, from common cold to chronic paralysis. In 2016, Patanjali has announced to enter the textile manufacturing centre. The company is reported to manufacture not only traditional clothes such as Kurta Payjama but also popular western clothes such as jeans. The company is looking to enhance its focus on categories such as spices, pulses, vegetable oil, biscuits, confectionery and juices and add more products into these segments. ********************************************************************************* SALE:- ********************************************************************************* Patanjali declared its annual turnover of the year 2016-17 to be estimated ₹10,216 crore (US$1.6 billion). Future Group which has tied up with Patanjali sells about ₹30 crore (US$4.7 million) worth of Patanjali products every month ********************************************************************************* SALES AND DISTRIBUTION:- ********************************************************************************* PATANJALI Ayurved sells through nearly 4,700 retail outlets as of May 2016. Patanjali also sells its products online and is planning to open outlets at railway stations and airports. Patanjali Ayurveda has tied up with Pittie Group and Kishore Biyani's Future Group on 9 October 2015. As per the tie-up with Future Group, all the consumer products of Patanjali will be available for the direct sale in Future Group outlets. PATANJALI Ayurveda products are also available in modern trade stores including Reliance retail, Hyper city and Star Bazaar apart from online channels. Patanjali Ayurved, co-founded by yoga guru Ramdev, is targeting Rs 10,000-crore revenue in 2016-17, after sales grew 150 per cent in the previous financial year to Rs 5,000 crore. Patanjali Ayurved has also started its FMCG expansion in form of dealership and distributorship channels across the country and expects wider growth in Overseas distribution as well.

TEJAS: INDIA’S FIGHTER AIRCRAFT :- SYMBOL OF NATIONAL PASSION.:- Humming Bird of India:- (3500 flights without an accident)

TEJAS: INDIA’S FIGHTER AIRCRAFT :- SYMBOL OF NATIONAL PASSION. (3500 flights without an accident) ********************************************************************************* Introduction- ********************************************************************************* It is also known to the lightest and the smallest aircraft in its class amongst modern supersonic aircraft. Fourth generation aircraft: smallest lightweight, single-engine, tactical fighter aircraft in the world. First flight 4 January 2001 Introduction 17 January 2015 Produced 2001–present Number built 21 (including prototypes as of July 2017) Program cost ₹7,399.69 crore (US$1 billion) (LCA total in 2015) ********************************************************************************* Unit cost ********************************************************************************* Mark I - ₹160 crore (US$25 million) Mark IA - ₹602.71 crore (US$94 million) The Tejas, or ‘radiance’, is an indigenous fighter aircraft jointly developed by Aeronautical Development Agency and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. It is the smallest lightweight, multi-role, single-engine tactical fighter aircraft in the world and is being developed in single-seat fighter and twin seat trainer variants for the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy. The HAL Tejas is an Indian single-seat, single-jet engine, multirole light fighter designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Indian Air Force and Navy. The aircraft has a tail-less compound delta-wing configuration, which provides for high maneuverability. It came from the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme, which began in the 1980s to replace India's ageing MiG-21 fighters. LCA was officially named "Tejas" in 2003, meaning "Radiant" in Sanskrit by the then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. ********************************************************************************* Who all Involved in Production: ********************************************************************************* Tejas is often described as a product of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), responsibility for its development belongs to ADA, a national consortium of over 100 defence laboratories, industrial organisations, and academic institutions with HAL being the principal contractor ********************************************************************************* GOAL:- ********************************************************************************* LCA Tejas of varying configurations will replace the eight squadrons of MiG21 in the IAF. The government's "self-reliance" goals for the LCA include the three most sophisticated and challenging systems: the fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system (FCS), multi-mode pulse-doppler radar, and afterburning turbofan engine ********************************************************************************* Indigenous (how much%):- ********************************************************************************* By 2008, 70% of the LCA's components were being manufactured in India, the dependence on imported components was stated to be progressively reduced over time. Features:- The Tejas is equipped with both GPS and a ring laser gyroscope based inertial navigation system; for flying in poor conditions, a Very-High Frequency Omni Range/Instrument Landing System (ILS), TACAN for bearing and distance to ground indication and a ground proximity warning system based on the Terrain Referenced Navigation (TRN) system is also employed. The Mark 2 will feature an indigenously-developed AESA fire control radar named Uttam. The electronic warfare suite is designed to enhance combat survivability during deep penetration. This EW suite, known as Mayavi, includes a radar warning receiver (RWR), Missile Approach Warning (MAW) and a Laser warning receiver (LWR) system, Infrared & Ultraviolet Missile warning sensors, self-protection jammer, chaff, jaff and flares dispenser, an electronic countermeasures (ECM) suite and a towed radar decoy (TRD). Tejas is also to be equippable with an Infra-red search and track (IRST) sensor, which can detect and track thermal energy emissions. The current version of Tejas is fully combat capable. It has eight hard points, a laser designation pod to identify and track the target area whether day or night, drop tanks for fuel (each with 1200 litres capacity) and 500 kg bombs, 250 kg bombs, beyond visual range missiles and it can take in both Russian and western stores such is the integration capability of LCA Tejas. Currently we also have a self protection suite which means any incoming missile can be detected and counter measures can be taken. We need to improve ranges, sensors, qualities, weapons, radars, jammers, gun facility etc which is being addressed in the upgraded version. ********************************************************************************* Demand:- ********************************************************************************* In March 2005, the IAF placed an order for 20 aircraft, with a similar purchase of another 20 aircraft to follow. All 40 were to be equipped with the F404-GE-IN20 engine. The Indian Navy has a requirement for 50 Tejas aircraft and the first prototype, NP-1 was rolled out in July 2010. IAF ordered 20 additional Tejas fighters after the defence acquisition council cleared the plan. In October 2015, IAF Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha confirmed that the air force had ordered 120 (six squadrons) of Tejas Mark 1A, triple the 40 aircraft it had previously committed to buying. Indian Government is in the process of approving the second line of manufacturing to the HAL so that they can produce 16 aircraft per year. On 7 November 2016, Parrikar approved procurement of 83 Tejas for the IAF, at a cost of ₹50,025 crore (US$8 billion). The Indian Navy eventually issued an RFI for 57 naval multirole fighters. ********************************************************************************* Test: Successful:- ********************************************************************************* On 25 April 2007, the first Limited Series Production (LSP-1) Tejas performed its maiden flight, achieving a speed of Mach 1.1 (1,347.5 km/h; 837.3 mph). The Tejas completed 1,000 test flights and over 530 hours of flight testing by 22 January 2009. In 2009, a Tejas achieved a speed of over 1,350 kilometres per hour (840 mph) during sea level flight trials at INS Hansa, Goa. In December 2014 the LCA Navy successfully conducted ski-jump trials at SBTF Goa. ********************************************************************************* Missile Test:- ********************************************************************************* In February 2016, LSP-7 test-fired the BVRAAM Derby missile on a BNG (Ballistic Non Guided) mode in Jamnagar as part of its scheduled weapon trials. The aircraft is also scheduled to fire a Close Combat Missile (CCM) Python-5 missile as part of the FOC trails. On 12 May 2017, Tejas successfully demonstrated an Air-to-Air Beyond Visual Range (BVR) missile firing capability by releasing Derby Air-to-Air BVR missile in RADAR guided mode. The missile launch was performed in lock-on after launch mode. The missile destroyed its manoeuvrable aerial target with pinpoint precision at the Interim Test Range, Chandipur in Odisha. RAFAEL's Derby fire-and-forget missile will serve as the Tejas' initial medium range air-air armament. The Brahmos NG supersonic cruise missile is being developed for the Tejas. The long range Nirbhay cruise missile is being considered for use on the Tejas, but will require extensive modifications. ********************************************************************************* Milesstones:- (The difference between us and the west is that they have been way ahead of us and we had to start from scratch) ********************************************************************************* As of 13 July 2017, the Tejas fleet has flown 3,478 test sorties and 4,200 hours without any accidents. Tejas requires a very short runway and "rockets off the runway and into the air in a mere 500 metres". The Tejas made its international debut on 21 January 2016, when two aircraft flew in the Bahrain International Air Show. In June 2017, Hindustan Aeronautics stated that it expects to have delivered 123 Tejas aircraft to the Indian Air Force by 2024-25. India has started work on developing an unmanned combat version of the home-grown light combat aircraft (LCA), with a task group being constituted to study how to convert the fighter for a futuristic role.

Sarahah : New Service Development

Introduction ************************************************************************************************ It is the most popular free download from the U.S. iOS App Store, and the second most popular free app on Google Play, according to App Annie It is social network that lets users receive anonymous messages. “Sarahah” is the Arabic word for candor or openness. Sarahah means ‘honesty’ or ‘frankness’ in Arabic, and Zain al-Abidin Tawfiq, the Saudi programmer who created it, reportedly intended it to be used by businesses to get candid feedback on their services or friends sending notes and confessions to each other. Sarahaha was created by Saudi developer Zain al-Abidin Tawfiq with the idea of encouraging constructive criticism. But it’s not for the weak-hearted. You have to be 17 to download the app on iTunes, and you can report or block users. Sarahah is let people send you messages without consequences. you create a Sarahah profile, which anyone can visit. Even without logging in, people can visit your profile and leave messages, anonymously. If they have logged in, messages are still anonymous by default, but users can choose to tag their identity. On the receivers app, all the incoming messages show up in an inbox, and you can flag messages, delete them, reply, or favourite them to find them easily later. from a functional perspective its design easily serves its purpose. Sarahah is available free on Android and iOS. Since the June 13 debut of Sarahah’s English app, its explosive growth has apparently been driven by teenagers It’s being downloaded more than WhatsApp and Instagram it has (at the time of writing) 10,305 5-star reviews on Google Play, it's also got 9,652 1-star reviews, showing a near 50-50 split in opinion. In September 2011 Post Secret, launched an app that, like the blog, would allow users to anonymously confess their secrets in the digital realm. Unfortunately some users started posting abusive messages, threats, and even pornography to the app. Within three months, after the creators had been contacted by Apple and the FBI, the app was shut down. We say new(ish) because the app has been very popular in the Middle East and North Africa since its launch in February, but has recently seen a surge of users from Europe and America. In fact, at the time of writing Sarahah is the most popular free app on the iPhone app store. ********************************************************************************* IT IS NOT THE FIRST APP:- *************************************************************************** Sarahah isn't the first anonymous messaging app we've seen that blew up in popularity though. Yik Yak, Secret, and Whisper are some of the popular apps in recent times to try and fill this function. For the most part, those apps have been more social, making the interactions more public. Sarahah's focus is more on messaging and less on social media *************************************************************************** Disadvantages:- *************************************************************************** the anonymous nature of the app has inevitably led to people sending abusive messages and bullying people on the platform. People do get recist comments. Its not surprising that a platform that offers anonymity has become popular with the LGBT community Sarahah’s potential for cyberbulling is obvious. Despite its optimistic premise, users already report that the app has become a breeding ground for cyberbullying and hate speech. more girls are getting kinda bullied because guys are commenting sexual stuff. *************************************************************************** Future:- *************************************************************************** developers are also looking at ways to improve the experience. Privacy features mean that you can remove your profile from search results, limiting your audience to people who you share your profile with, and you can also turn off access for unauthorised users - that is, only people who are logged in will be able to comment. You can also block senders, so even if you can't see the name of the user, they won't be able to send you a message again. Conclusion:- *************************************************************************** Is Sarahah for you? That depends on whether you’d appreciate finding out how your friends, lovers, and acquaintances really view you—and whether you could handle not knowing who offered their opinion. similar apps like Yik Yak and Secret largely failed due to the amount of online abuse on those platforms

Solar Energy sector :- Huge Ocean of Opportunities for India.

Solar Energy sector :- Huge Ocean of Opportunities for India. ************************************************************************* Abstract:- ********************************************************************************* India, the world’s third largest energy consuming economy after the US and China, plans to achieve 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022. India currently has an installed power generation capacity of 250 GW as on July 2014. India is densely populated and has high solar insulation, an ideal combination for using solar power in India. Part of waste lands (32,000 square km) when installed with solar power plants can produce 2,000 billion Kwh of electricity (two times the total generation in the year 2013-14). 2019, according to some estimates, India could achieve grid parity between solar and conventional energy sources. In the year 2017, we will see prices fall below Rs4 a kilowatt-hour for sure and it will be viable. India’s share of global energy demand will increase to 9% by 2035. India imports around 80% of its crude oil and 18% of its natural gas requirements. The government aims to effect a 10% cut in energy imports by 2022 and a 50% cut by 2030. India’s energy import bill of around $150 billion, expected to reach $300 billion by 2030. Coal remains the dominant fuel produced in India with a 65% share of total production in 2035. Renewables overtakes oil as the second largest, increasing from 4% to 14% in 2035. Currently, India requires 1,068,923 million units of electricity annually but the supply falls short by 3.6%. The price of solar energy has fallen by half over two years, with prices dropping from Rs 10-12 per unit to Rs 4.63 per unit in 2015. India could make renewable resources such as solar the backbone of its economy by 2030. Land acquisition is a challenge to solar farm projects in India. India has a target of setting up 100 GW of solar capacity by 2022. ******************************************************************************* Introduction:- ********************************************************************************* India has the fifth largest power generation capacity in the world. The country ranks third globally in terms of electricity production Power is one of the most critical components of infrastructure crucial for the economic growth and welfare of nations. The existence and development of adequate infrastructure is essential for sustained growth of the Indian economy. India, the world’s third largest energy consuming economy after the US and China, plans to achieve 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 as part of its commitments to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted by 195 countries in Paris in December 2015. India’s renewable energy sector has been ranked third in the Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI) with China at second and the US on top. India currently has an installed power generation capacity of 2,50,256.95 MW as on July 2014, of which 59.61% is from coal based thermal generation, 9.03% is from natural gas, 0.48% from oil, 16.30% from hydro-power, 1.91% from nuclear power and 12.67% from renewable energy sources. Recent growth has been over 3,000 MW per year. It is reported that cumulative capacity of photovoltaic (PV) cells was 6763 MW in 2016. It is reported that 7.45 billion Kwh solar power generated in 2015-16, while it was 4.6 Kwh in 2014-15 and 3.35 kwh in 2013-14. ******************************************************************************* Why Solar Energy :- ******************************************************************************* India is endowed with vast solar energy. There are vast tracts of land suitable for solar power in all parts of India exceeding 8% of its total area which are unproductive barren and devoid of vegetation. The amount of land required for utility-scale solar power plants — currently approximately 1 km2 (250 acres) for every 40–60 MW generated India is densely populated and has high solar insulation, an ideal combination for using solar power in India. 1.33 million MW capacity solar plants can be installed in India on its 1% land (32,000 square km). Part of waste lands (32,000 square km) when installed with solar power plants can produce 2,000 billion Kwh of electricity (two times the total generation in the year 2013-14) with land annual productivity/yield of Rs. 1.0 million (US$15,000) per acre (at 4 Rs/kwh price) which is at par with many industrial areas and many times more than the best productive irrigated agriculture lands. India’s solar capacity is still small compared with China, the world’s largest solar market, and Japan. According to a Bloomberg report in December 2016, the cost of solar power in India, China, Brazil and 55 other emerging market economies dropped to about one third of its price in 2010, making solar the cheapest form of renewable energy and also cheaper than power generated from fossil fuels such as coal and gas. 2019, according to some estimates, India could achieve grid parity between solar and conventional energy sources. In the year 2017, we will see prices fall below Rs4 a kilowatt-hour for sure and it will be viable,” (Source:- Rahul Munjal, chairman and managing director of Hero Future Energies Pvt.) India is ranked number one in solar electricity production per watt installed, with an insolation of 1700 to 1900 kilowatt hours per kilowatt peak (kWh/KWp). There’s been a steady decline in solar power prices—on the back of cheaper solar panel costs and lower financing costs—that has made the sector increasingly attractive to investors. In 2016, countries from Chile to the United Arab Emirates broke records with deals to generate electricity from sunshine for less than 3 cents a kilowatt-hour, half the average global cost of coal power. After falling 30% last year, the price of ordinary multi-crystalline silicon modules is expected to fall another 20% in 2017, according to London-based BNEF. ******************************************************************************* Current Condition of Energy Sector:- ******************************************************************************* Solar power in India is a fast-growing industry and as of 31 December 2016, the country's solar grid had a cumulative capacity of 9,012.66 megawatts (MW) or 9.01 gigawatts (GW). As on 31 December 2016, thermal power capacity accounts for 69% of the country’s 310 gigawatt (GW) power generation capacity, while solar power account for 2.7%. Solar installations in India is expected to reach 4.8 GW in 2016 with a 21 GW development pipeline. During 2017, the solar sector is likely to add close to 9 GW of capacity—taking its overall capacity to 18 GW ******************************************************************************* Goverments effort Solar Energy:- ******************************************************************************* Compared to last year (Rs5,036 crore), this year the allocation to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy stands at Rs5,473 crore. India currently has 5,000 MW of solar power installations; so the government’s target is a 20-fold jump over the next seven years. From the current solar power generation capacity of 4 GW (gigawatt), it wants to produce as much as 100 GW by 2022—with a target of attracting a staggering $100 billion into the sector over the next seven years. ******************************************************************************* Need of Solar ENergy in India: ******************************************************************************* In 2015, only 55% of all rural households had access to electricity, and 85% of rural households depended on solid fuel for cooking. Lack of electricity infrastructure is one of the main hurdles in the development of rural India. India imports around 80% of its crude oil and 18% of its natural gas requirements. India imported 202 million tonnes of oil in 2015-16. India’s energy consumption is expected to grow by 4.2% annually, faster than all major economies in the world. As a result, India’s share of global energy demand will increase to 9% by 2035, The government aims to effect a 10% cut in energy imports by 2022 and a 50% cut by 2030. India’s coal-fed power plants—which contribute to nearly 60% of the total production Energy in transport grows by 5.8% per year and oil remains the dominant fuel source with a 93% market share in 2035. India’s energy demand growth at “129% is more than double the non-OECD average of 52% and also outpaces each of the BRIC (Brazil Russia India China) countries as China (47%), Brazil (41%), and Russia (2%). India’s energy import bill of around $150 billion, expected to reach $300 billion by 2030. India’s demand for gas expands by 162%, followed by oil (120%) and coal (105%). Renewables rise by 699%, nuclear by 317% and hydro by 97% by 2035. Natural gas consumption would jump from 4.9 billion cubic feet per day to 12.8 bcfd while coal consumption is project to more than double to 833 million tons. India’s energy demand growth at “129% is more than double the non-OECD average of 52% and also outpaces each of the BRIC (Brazil Russia India China) countries as China (47%), Brazil (41%), and Russia (2%), Its share of global energy demand increases to 9% by 2035, accounting for the second largest share among the BRIC countries with China at 26%, Russia at 4% and Brazil at 2%. The fuel mix evolves very slowly over the Outlook (period) with fossil fuels accounting for 86% of demand in 2035, compared to 92% today. The share of coal in the fuel mix falls from 58% to 52% by 2035, while the share of renewables rises from 2% to 8%,” Coal remains the dominant fuel produced in India with a 65% share of total production in 2035. Renewables overtakes oil as the second largest, increasing from 4% to 14% in 2035 as oil drops from 10% today to 3% by 2035. Power requirement in India is estimated to grow at an average of 5.2% during the 10 years between 2014 and 2024, according to a report by Tata Power . Currently, India requires 1,068,923 million units of electricity annually but the supply falls short by 3.6%. Solar power generation cost has reduced close to Rs 3 per kWh for the 750 MW Rewa solar power project which is cheaper than any other type of electricity generation in India India's energy demand growing at 2.8% per year. The price of solar energy has fallen by half over two years, with prices dropping from Rs 10-12 per unit to Rs 4.63 per unit in 2015, the price at which Sun Edison, a US company, offered to supply electricity in Andhra Pradesh recently, closely followed by another project. At these levels, solar power is competitive with newly-built thermal, hydro and nuclear power plants. Asia’s second biggest energy consumer since 2008, had in 2015 overtaken Japan as the world’s third largest oil consuming country behind US and China State power utilities lose money, they are often unable to supply electricity round the clock. As a result, many industrial and commercial users have backup diesel-run generation sets. During 2013-14, more than 2 million tonne diesel was consumed by industrial users to make up for irregular power supply. ******************************************************************************* Solar Energy Available for India:- ******************************************************************************* Challenges faced ******************************************************************************* India needs as much as $200 billion to meet its target to install 100 GW of solar power and 60,000 megawatts (MW) of wind power by 2022. ******************************************************************************* Advantage of Solar Energy:- ******************************************************************************* Solar Energy projects take less than a year for commissioning, unlike large thermal power plants, which take many years for construction. Many large manufacturing and services firms are also setting up captive solar power plants as industrial power tariff is higher than solar power due to the cross-subsidy burden. India pipped Japan to become the top importer of solar cells and modules from China for three out of 10 months last year and the trend will continue in 2017, according to Xiaoting Wang, a Hong Kong-based solar analyst at BNEF. Solar power tariff, which was above Rs12 a unit in 2010, has gradually declined. In the auction in November 2016, projects were awarded to sell power at Rs3 a unit for 25 years in Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Puducherry. industrial and commercial users pay above-market prices for electricity in India, and this is pushing them towards solar power. Second, irregular supply forces many industrial users to install backup in form of diesel generators, which are even more expensive. India now has a captive-generation capacity of 36,500 mega watts (MW), or the equivalent of 15% of the country’s conventional power-generation capacity. India’s state power utilities lose 23% of the electricity they generate to transmission losses (including theft), as IndiaSpend has reported, and 22% as subsidised or free electricity to farmers. To make up for these losses, other consumers–particularly industrial and other commercial users–are charged up to 50% to 90% more than other consumers. ******************************************************************************* INDIA's effort towards Solar Energy Setor:- ******************************************************************************* Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, also known as National Solar Mission, is one of the eight key National Mission’s which comprise India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change(NAPCC). NAPCC was launched on 30th June 2008 which identified development of solar energy technologies in the country as a National Mission. National Solar Mission is being launched under the brand name “Solar India”. In January 2016, the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, and the President of France, Mr. François Hollande laid the foundation stone for the headquarters of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) in Gwalpahari, Gurgaon The Indian Solar Loan Programme, supported by the United Nations Environment Programme has won the prestigious Energy Globe World award for Sustainability for helping to establish a consumer financing program for solar home power systems. On 18 August 2015, Cochin International Airport became the world's first fully solar powered airport with the inauguration of a dedicated solar plant. The total budget is further split between Rs3,361 crore for solar and only Rs408 crore for wind, a clear indication that the government will continue to prioritise solar. the budget extends support to power 2,000 railway stations through solar, under the Indian Railways 1GW solar mission. residential rooftop projects could create 15 GW of renewable energy capacity in India by 2022. replacing 15% of India’s irrigation pumps with solar pumps could build 20 GW of capacity. ******************************************************************************* Achievements of India in the field of Solar Energy:- ******************************************************************************* Cochin International airport , he first airport in the world that completely operates on solar power. It has 46,150 solar panels laid across 45 acres near cargo complex. Now, Cochin airport's solar power plant is producing 50,000 to 60,000 units of electricity per day to be consumed for all its operational functions, which technically make the airport ‘ absolutely power neutral ‘. The Kolkata Airport has just finished installation of a 2-MW rooftop solar plant and wants to follow up with a 15-MW solar farm. Public-sector oil companies have also started to adopt renewable power for their operations, with 3,135 petrol pumps using solar power. Indian Oil leads; it has converted 2,600 of its petrol pumps to operate on solar energy. Technology major Infosys has just completed a 6.6-MW solar plant at one of its software development centers in Telangana, which is now completely run by renewable energy. Infosys is already building a 40-MW solar farm and plans to add 110-MW solar capacity in the next two years. RBL Bank, a small private sector lender, has also decided to go solar in a small way at 10 of its branches, with rooftop solar panels. Tata Power recently installed a 12-megawatt rooftop solar plant at an educational institute in Amritsar. India currently has around 1.2 million solar home lighting systems and 3.2 million solar lanterns sold or distributed. In addition, India has been ranked the number one market in Asia for solar off-grid products. The report also cited a $64 per megawatt-hour solar power contract signed in India in early 2016, as proof of "remarkable falls in the price of electricity from solar sources" India could make renewable resources such as solar the backbone of its economy by 2030 ******************************************************************************* Investment in Solar Energy sector:- ******************************************************************************* On June 22, a fairly sizeable chunk of that goal was met, when Japan’s SoftBank, along with telecommunication major, Bharati Enterprises, and Taiwan’s electronic goods manufacturer, Foxconn, announced plans to invest $20 billion for setting up 20 GW of solar power in the country. Adani Power, Reliance Power and SunEdison,have also committed investments worth more than $5 billion for setting up solar power plants in India. 2015, a cumulative total of just under 1 million solar lanterns had been sold in the country 30,256 solar powered water pumps for agriculture and drinking water had been installed During 2015 alone, 118,700 solar home lighting systems were installed, 46,655 solar street lighting installations were provided over 1.4 million solar cookers distributed or sold in India. ******************************************************************************* Challenges faced by the Investors:- ******************************************************************************* Solar-electricity cost is competitive with grid power, but it is available only for about five or six hours every day. For the rest of the day, users must rely on the grid or store energy in batteries, which can be expensive. Land acquisition is a challenge to solar farm projects in India. India has a target of setting up 100 GW of solar and 60 GW of wind energy capacity by 2022. The growing energy sector requires $250 billion in investments to reach this target. According to the government, India has a renewable energy potential of around 900 GW from sources such as wind, solar, small hydro and bio energy. Solar, alone, would require $100 billion in debt to reach 100 GW ******************************************************************************* Achievements of India In Solar Energy Sector: ******************************************************************************* ‘Rooftop solar’ – solar panels fitted on rooftops of houses, factories and commercial establishments – reached 525 MW across India by October 2015, of which 75% has been installed either by industrial or commercial users, according to Bridge to India estimates. The next 12 months should see another 455 MW of rooftop capacity, said the company. Mercom, another consulting firm, expects India to add 2,150 MW of solar capacity in 2015 and 3,645 MW in 2016. the Ujjawal Discom Assurance Yojna – to restructure the debts of power distribution companies and reduce the cost of electricity. Rooftop solar plants are usually enough for a single user, a home-owner or a factory. Their popularity indicates costs are competitive. Around 293 global and domestic companies have committed to generate 266 GW of solar, wind, mini-hydel and biomass-based power in India over the next 5–10 years. The initiative would entail an investment of about US$ 310–350 billion. Between April 2000 and March 2016, the industry attracted US$ 10.48 billion in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).

Smart Cities.: - An Analysis, Approach, Financing, Benefits and Challenges

An Analysis, Approach, Financing, Benefits and Challenges of the Smart Cities. ********************************************************************************* .Introduction :- ********************************************************************************* As cities grow, managing them becomes more complex and their populations become more diverse.‘Smart Cities’ aim to decrease the challenges that cities face, such as scarcity of energy resources, healthcare, housing, water, and deteriorating infrastructure (roads, schools and transportation).They also suffer from price instability, climate change, and the demand for better economic opportunities and social benefits (Washburn et al. 2010). Recent advancements in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), aligned with technology cost reduction, such as cheap mobile apps, free social media, cloud computing, and cost-effective ways to handle high volume data, provides cities with better opportunities and tools to understand, communicate, and predict urban functions (Susanne Dirks and Mary Keeling 2009; Berst et al. 2013). According to the United Nations population division (UN 2004), world population was around 1.65 billion at the end of the 19th century and it crossed the 6 billion mark by the end of the 20th century. Cities are also the major centres of consumption of resources (UN 2011). Currently, urban areas roughly occupy 3 percent of the planet's surface and, consume 75 percent of the global primary energy; they emit between 50 and 60 percent of the world's total greenhouse gases (Editors 2014; UN 2015). Bletchley Park often considered to be the first smart community. Examples of Instrumentation intelligence have been implemented in Amsterdam ******************************************************************************* Statistics about the smart cities:- ******************************************************************************** According to figures published by the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), smart city technologies will grow to an industry worth $27.5 billion by 2023.The world will be have 88 smart cities by 2025 Currently, the world has 841 million seniors. 82.3% of Americans today live in urban centers. By 2050, around 70% of the people will be living in cities and India is no exception. In Spain, the city of Santander has cut energy and waste management costs by 25% and 20% respectively aided by 12,500 IEEE, GPRS, and RFID sensors installed throughout the city. Major cities that install smart transport systems will realize savings of about $800 billion annually from 2030. smart technologies will make it easier for emergency responders, firefighters, law enforcement officers, and traffic control workers to offer better services. global market for smart urban services will be $400 billion per annum by 2020. Examples of Smart City technologies and programs have been implemented in Milton Keynes Southampton, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Madrid and Stockholm. An important cluster of Smart City technological companies exists in Israel with Tel Aviv being awarded the World Smart City Award in 2014. Israeli companies are implementing Smart City solutions worldwide. In China, ZTE Corporation have more than 150 cities with Smart Solutions. In Singapore 90% homes have broadband, 85% smart phones penetration rate and fiber technology will reach every household very soon. The upcoming smart city at Dholera Special Investment Region (SIR) in Gujarat will become operational by 2019. Lavasa, near Pune promoted by Hindustan Construction Company, was India’s ‘first planned hill city’. Chandigarh is also considered as a first good planned city of India. Amaravati (Capital Andhra Pradesh ) is also a new recently planned city in India. ******************************************************************************* Reasons for creating smart cities: ************************************************************************ 1. Population is aging: Worlds population is aging so lot of aged people will live in city will require convinient facilities which are auomated and smart. 2. Wastage of Resources :- Resources like Water ex. up to 50% of the world’s population (four billion) will reside in water stressed areas by 2025 3. High Energy Requirements:- A growing global population will increase energy demand by 56% by 2040. 4. Usage of Renewable energy: like solar energy Urban centers can also benefit greatly by installing and using energy-efficient IoT (Internet of Things) systems. The US alone would realize savings worth $1.2 trillion if it could deploy big data analysis for this purpose. 5. Gathering Data:- Traffic management traffic jams, technology would come in handy to improve efficiency. This would require GPS systems, cameras, and traffic light coordination systems connected via IoT to keep traffic moving 6. Water saving:- The City of Dubuque, IA has helped households realize water consumption savings of about 7% ******************************************************************************* Approach towards smart city:- ************************************************************************ The Smart Cities mission focus is on sustainable and inclusive development. The mission approach is unique in concept with established methodologies for various levels such as visioning, planning, implementation, and evaluation; and integrative model of smart city framework. The following are the five key sub-systems of this framework: i. Convergence approach for Comprehensive Development (Visioning) ii. Compact area approach for city development (Planning) iii. Strategic Planning approach for Smart City Proposals (Implementation) iv. 'Smart Citizenry' approach for participatory planning (Implementation) v. Incremental approach in selection of cities (Evaluation) ******************************************************************************* Hexagonal model of Smart Cities *************************************************************************** Based on the taxonomy analysis of the strategic priority areas, mission statement, literature in guidelines document, a hexagonal model of Smart Cities dimensions is derived with the following as the components: 1. Infrastructure 2. Governance 3. Inclusive 4. Sustainable 5. Citizen Centric 6. Safety ******************************************************************************* The Four layers of smartness of Cities are: *********************************************************************************** 1) 'Core' Infrastructure layer:- In this Basic Infrastructure of the City will be improved. 2) 'Sustainable' Environment layer:- Energy demand of the city will be met by the renewable energy without pollutions so that cities will be eco-friendly and last longer. 3) 'Area based' Development layer:- Best and favourable areas will be identified for the development of parks, malls, educational institutes, hospital, Business hubs, recreational places etc. 4). 'Smart' Technology layer:- Use of lot of sensors will collect lot of data to take right and prompt decisions ******************************************************************************* Typical smart city benefits: ***************************************************************************** 1. Faster reaction to public safety threats by real-time analysis of sensor and surveillance camera video data 2. Smoothened distribution of tourists (geographical and over time) by analysis of tourist movements and real-time incentives 3. Exchange of products and services in a peer-to-peer model (sharing economy, from possession to use) 4. Dynamic groups of citizens organize themselves to work together on collective interests 5. Co-creation of decision making, new forms of digital democracy and participatory government 6. Data-driven policy making leads to more focused interventions and measured evidence of effectiveness 7. Better diagnostics and personalized treatment through artificial intelligence on massive volumes of patient data 8. People who need care can live in their own home longer through advanced sensoring and health care robotics 9. Lower congestion and pollution through optimal use of transportation infrastructure (roads, parking places) 10. Energy savings through real-time insight in energy usage, combined with gamification concepts ******************************************************************************* New Technologies and Innovations used in the SMART CITY project ********************************************************************************** Many stakeholders, working together in partnerships of different shape and form ******************************************************************************* Digital revolution **************************************************************************** 1. Accelerometer:- To sense movement of the device 2. Ambient light to sense the brightness of the light surrounding the device 3. Barometer:- to sense pressure 4. Camera:- to visualize the environment of the device 5. GPS:- to track the geographical location of the device 6. Gyroscope:- to sense the orientation of the device 7. Magnetometer:- to sense the magnetic field to operate the device’s compass 8. Microphone to sense sound reaching the device 9. Proximity sensor to sense when someone is close to the device 10. Temperature to sense the temperature around the device ******************************************************************************* Internet of things (IOT) –A multitude of sensor types Typical examples of sensor use:- ******************************************************************************** 1. Air– Sensors that detect the level of air pollution in urban areas to take appropriate me assures that protect peoples health. 2. Buildings– Sensors that monitor vibrations and material conditions in buildings , bridges and historical monuments provide‘ early warnings ’ incase of damages. 3. Distribution vehicles– Sensors that detect the geographical location of each vehicle in a fleet are used to optimize route sand create accurate estimates for delivery times. 4. Energy usage– Sensors that monitor energy usage can be used to verify the energy efficiency of “green building” and gain insight in further improving this efficiency. 5. Green houses– Sensors that detect the micro-climate in terms of temperature, humidity and CO2 level are used to maximize the production of fruits and vegetables. 6. Gunshots– Sensors that detect the sound of a gunshot are used to pin point the location with an accuracy of 10 meters in real time and dispatch police to that location immediately. 7. Hazardous gases– Sensors that detect levels of explosive or toxic gases in industrial environments and indoor locations allow immediate action to secure the safety of people. 8. Health– Sensors that measure vital metrics such as blood pressure and heart-rate, are used to monitor patients as they live their lives. The data is used to decide when the next visit to the doctor is necessary and to improve patient adherence to prescribed therapies. 9. Item location– Sensors that detect the geographical location of an object are used to track objects to save valuable time searching for them. 10. Machines– Sensors that monitor the state of machine parts ,e.g. by measuring temperature, pressure, vibration and wear generate detailed data that can be used for condition based maintenance ; applying maintenance when it is needed instead of in regular intervals independently from the status of the machine. 11. Noise– Sensors that monitor noise levels generated by entertainment venue sin real-time allow rapid interventions when permissions are violated. 12. Parking spaces :- Sensors that detect variations in magnetic fields generated by parked cars are used to detect whether a parking space is free. The information is used to guide people looking for a cars pace to the nearest free space. 13. Perimeter access– Sensors that detect people in non-authorized are as are more efficient than human security guards and can trigger immediate action on the right location. 14. Public lighting– Sensors that detect motion of people and vehicles in as treet and adjust the public lighting to the required level. 15. Rivers– Sensors that detect river pollution e.g. caused by leakages of chemical plants in real-time allow for immediate actions that confine the damage to the environment. 16. Roads– Sensors that detect the temperature of a road to provide early warnings to drivers in case of slippery road due to e.g. ice. 17. Storage conditions–Sensors that monitors to rage conditions of perishable goods such as vaccines and medicines measure temperature and humidity to secure the quality of products. 18. Storage incompatibility–Sensors that detect objects (e.g. dangerous goods) that are not allowed to be stored together .e.g. inflammable goods and explosives. Or in hospitals, the presence of blood for patient X in the operating room where patient Y is having surgery. 19. Traffic– Sensors that detect the speed and the number of vehicles using public roads are used to detect traffic congestion and suggest drivers to take an alternative route. 20. Waste– Sensors that detect to what extent arubbish containers filled, to optimize the trash collection routes and to prevent trash being deposited on the street of a container is full. 21. Water– Sensors that detect water leak ages in the water distribution network are used to align the maintenance schedule to the actual loss of water. ******************************************************************************* Few examples of Smart City:- Songdo:- ******************************************************************************* International business center. City built from the scratch with the help of technology from CISCO. while preparing this city they took good design from various other cities like new-york, Savana, Venice, Sydney etc. they have taken best from other cities. Songdo IBD was designed and created to be a "ubiquitous city", or a smart city. What is "ubiquitous" is the technology, i.e. computers are built into the buildings and streets. For example, Songdo IBD residents can video-conference with their neighbors, or even attend classes remotely. They can control lighting, heating, air conditioning and more, all with the push of a button on a control panel. Sensors gather information on things like traffic flow and energy use. This kind of information can be converted into alerts that tell citizens when a bus will arrive, or notify the authorities when a crime is taking place. The water pipes are designed to prevent drinkable water from being wasted in showers and toilets *********************************************************************************** Masdar City:- *********************************************************************************** The plan was to make Masdar the world's first zero-carbon city. Foster's vision was for Masdar's streets to be pedestrian-only with pilotless vehicles running via magnets and fibre-optic cables. Masdar City will be the latest of a small number of highly planned, specialized, research and technology-intensive municipalities that incorporate a living environment. the city relies on solar energy and other renewable energy sources. Masdar City hosts the headquarters of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The city is designed to be a hub for cleantech companies. Its first tenant was the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology. The 45-metre Teflon-coated wind tower shows citizens how much energy the community is using; argon gas insulates the rammed earth and steel walls; solar air-conditioning and desalination plants are being tested, as are thermal energy and "beam down" solar plants that use mirrors to concentrate the sun and heat water to generate electricity. ************************************************************************************* Rio- di genero:- ************************************************************************************* Services are carried out via the IBM Intelligent Operations Center. Think of it as a mission control for cities, white lab coats included. They are able to leverage real-time city information, anticipate problems, and coordinate available resources. The system was originally integrated in Rio as a way to improve the city’s emergency response system following the 2010 floods. By using a forecasting system that synthesizes data from the river basin, topography surveys, historical rainfall logs, and radar feeds, the operations center is able to anticipate heavy rains, flash floods, landslides, power outages, and traffic hazards. IBM kicked things up a notch by fully integrating 30 city agencies into a single operations center, constantly tracking the pulse of city operations. By breaking down inter-organizational silos, they speed response and recovery time. Residents can simply download an app to their smart phone or track city alerts via Facebook and Twitter. Car accident or traffic jam? Simply pull up the app and it will calculate the most efficient route based on current and predicted traffic patterns. Financing of the Smart Cities:- Inadequate funding is a serious challenge facing local governments in developing countries for financing the smart cities and to smarten up urban infrastructure, operation and maintenance mechanism, and urban basic services delivery. These projects are capital intensive and expensive because of their nature, size, technologies and materials they use, and area they cover. They are built to last for a long time and hence require capital improvements on a periodical basis. To most municipal governments, raising adequate revenues from own sources is a mammoth task and this requires strategic urban planning with efficient and effective legal, regulatory frameworks. Mobilization of adequate revenue by local governments from own sources is key to maneuvering this locally driven development process. The challenge in recent years has been attracting more private investment into the finance market for smart infrastructure projects. Leveraging private sector funds, which are potentially larger pools of finance capital, can be useful for financing projects that will improve livability and have long-term impacts on a city’s economy. ************************************************************************* Categories of investments:- ************************************************************************* Financing Models Implementing Smart City solutions is financially challenging. Urban services models can streamline this transition by defining the city’s baseline capital projects, schedule during land use master planning, and ICT needs upfront. In essence, Urban Services models allow the private sector to build a roadmap for the public sector’s Smart City vision with realistic deliverables that are grounded with tangible service level agreements and metrics over a multi-year operations contract. The right financial environment is necessary to ensure sound risk return profiles and sustainable business models (Guha et al. 2015). The following is an indicative list of some of the innovative financing models for Smart Cities in India by Guha et al. (2015): i. Municipal bonds / Sector Specific bonds ii. Pooled finance development fund iii. Public Private Partnership (PPP) models and performance contracts iv. Land use financing v. Securitization through structured finance ***************************************************************************************** Opportunities for financing Smart Cities in India ****************************************************************************************** Since the Government of India's proposal to develop 100 Smart Cities in May 2014 till May 2015, prioritization of existing cities and proposals for new cities. The proponents include State government, city government, industry, multilateral donor agencies, research communities and academia. This included proposals for transformation of existing into Smart Cities and Greenfield Smart Cities across India. The partnerships between city/state governments and national & global agencies marked the beginning of this ambitious and necessary step. A cognitive mapping exercise was done as part of this research study to understand the dynamics of the Smart Cities development in India and present the status quo and funding opportunities available for cities. The analysis shows the other side of the Smart Cities market in India. The total anticipated outlay of budget proposed by various agencies (national and global) to build Smart Cities in India, to support the existing innovative initiatives of cities for transforming themselves into Smart cities is INR 3,59,555 lakh crore, a major 77 percent of the total plan expenditure of the Union Government of India. The following are some of the countries the donor agencies represent or are currently located in: United States, Switzerland, Singapore, California, Germany, Dubai, Spain, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Qatar Sweden and Netherlands. Cities can and should take leverage of the external funding sources while preparing the Smart City proposals. Securing funding sources and establishing financial mechanisms prior to the selection of the Smart City and non-participation of state-owned infrastructure financing companies are some of the challenges in the roll out and implementation of Smart Cities (Roy choudhury 2015). ********************************************************************************************** Challenges for developing Smart Cities:- ********************************************************************************************** 1. The challenges of climate change, population growth, demographic change, urbanisation and resource depletion is a common challenge for cities across the world. (Buscher et al. 2010). 2. Business models for rolling out smart technologies are still underdeveloped. Even if money was available for investment, most of the smart technologies are still in their pre-commercial stage of development and the risk-sharing mechanisms and business models needed to take them forward are yet to be tested and developed. 3. The lack of business models also restricts the availability of private sector financing (Hirst et al. 2012). 4. Successful implementation of smart city solutions need effective horizontal and vertical coordination between various institutions involving institutions providing various municipal amenities as well as effective coordination between central government (MoUD), state government as well as local government agencies on various issues related to financing, sharing of best practices and sharing of service delivery processes (Guha et al. 2015). 5. Cities find it difficult to work across departments and boundaries. Many of the smart cities initiatives include integrating different policies and information systems such as linking cycling with carbon reduction or integrating data relating to unemployed individuals from different departments onto a single platform. 6. Smart cities have largely failed to acknowledge the challenge presented by the “digital divide”; that is, the social and economic inequalities which come about as a result of who has access to communication technology, and how they use it. The “digital divide” is also a gendered divide. 7. The High Power Expert Committee (HPEC) on Investment Estimates in Urban Infrastructure has assessed a per-capita investment cost (PCIC) of Rs 43,386 for a 20-year period. Using an average figure of 1 million people in each of the 100 smart cities, the total estimate of investment requirements for the smart city comes to Rs 7 lakh crore over 20 years (with an annual escalation of 10 per cent from 2009-20 to 2014-15). This translates into an annual requirement of Rs 35,000 crore. One needs to see how these projects will be financed as the majority of project need would move through complete private investment or through PPPs (public-private partnership). 8. Availability of master plan or city development plan: Most of our cities don’t have master plans or a city development plan 9. Providing clearances in a timely manner: For timely completion of the project, all clearances should use online processes and be cleared in a time-bound manner. 10. Capacity building programme: Building capacity for 100 smart cities is not an easy task and most ambitious projects are delayed owing to lack of quality manpower, both at the centre and state levels 11. Reliability of utility services: For any smart city in the world, the focus is on reliability of utility services, whether it is electricity, water, telephone or broadband services. Smart cities should have universal access to electricity 24×7; this is not possible with the existing supply and distribution system ******************************************************************** Conclusions of the research study:- ******************************************************************** Now, Half of the global population live in the cities. Cities are also the major centres of consumption of resources. we must encourage people to use less energy. Currently, urban areas consume 75 percent of the global primary energy. cities emit between 50 and 60 percent of the world's total greenhouse gases. The world will be have 88 smart cities by 2025. smart city technologies will grow to an industry worth $27.5 billion by 2023. Recent advancements in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), aligned with technology cost reduction, such as cheap mobile apps, free social media, cloud computing, and cost-effective ways to handle high volume data, provides cities with better opportunities and tools to understand, communicate, and predict urban functions. In Spain, the city of Santander has cut energy and waste management costs by 25% and 20% respectively aided by 12,500 IEEE, GPRS, and RFID sensors installed throughout the city. Cities that install smart transport systems will realize savings of about $800 billion annually from 2030. smart technologies will make it easier for emergency responders, firefighters, law enforcement officers, and traffic control workers to offer better services. sensors used in smart cities will help in faster reaction to public safety threats, Smoothened distribution and logistics, easy exchange of products and services, prompt decision making, digital democracy, better diagnostics and personalized treatment, Lower congestion and pollution, Energy savings, Responsive household appliances, efficient waste collection, water distribution network etc. challenges in implementing smart cities are projects are capital intensive and expensive because of their nature, size, technologies and materials they use, and area they cover. Smart cities are also facing some challenges like Business models for rolling out smart technologies are still underdeveloped, lack of business models also restricts the availability of private sector financing, Successful implementation of smart city solutions need effective horizontal and vertical coordination between various institutions and non availability of good master plan or city development plan. Smart city project is facing many challenges as this technology is comparatively new and since lot of amount of financing is required, so it is very risky project. Smart cities are also solution to problems like aging Population, Wastage of Resources, High Energy Requirements, Usage of Renewable energy, Gathering and analysing Data, Water wastage, Pollution, public transportation etc ************************************************************************* References:- ************************************************************************* 1. TEDx (Producer). (Dec 17,2015). How we design and build a smart city and nation | Cheong Koon Hean | TEDxSingapore [Motion Picture]. Singapore: you tube. 2. (November 2015). Smart Cities – A Deloitte Point of View, Version 1.0. deloitte, Partner Deloitte Public Sector GovLab. Netherlands: deloitte. 3. Big Data and the IoT: The Future of the Smart City. (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2017, from New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT): http://graduatedegrees.online.njit.edu/resources/mscs/mscs-infographics/big-data-and-the-iot-the-future-of-the-smart-city 4. TEDx (Producer). (May 21, 2013). Smart Cities: How do we Build the Cities of Tomorrow: Hugh Green at TEDxEmory [Motion Picture]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGOVEvm7dm0&t=20s 5. https://www.google.co.in/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=Cfu2WMu8Je3y8AfQ1LCACA#q=smart+city+pdf&* 6. http://smartcities.gov.in/content/ 7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city